Statistical Analysis All the experiments were performed at least in triplicate. of HCT116 cells via induction of cell-cycle arrest. Molecular studies exposed that MUM256 EA controlled the expression level of several important cell-cycle regulatory proteins. The results also shown that MUM256 EA induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells mediated through the intrinsic pathway. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected several chemical compounds present in MUM256 EA, including cyclic dipeptides which earlier literature offers reported to demonstrate numerous pharmacological properties. The cyclic dipeptides were further shown to inhibit HCT116 cells while exerting little to no toxicity on normal colon cells with this study. Taken collectively, the findings of this project highlight the important role of exploring the mangrove microorganisms like a bioresource which hold tremendous promise for the development of chemopreventive medicines against colorectal malignancy. in 1940 [24] to be used in malignancy therapy. Since then, many more microbial metabolites with antitumor properties were found out including anthracyclines, bleomycin, mitosanes, mithramycin, pentostatin and calicheamicins [25]. Currently, there is evidence demonstrating the mangrove derived microbial metabolites could be the next bioresources for potential malignancy therapeutic providers [26,27,28,29]. Therefore, we explored Afatinib dimaleate the potential of isolated from Malaysian mangrove ground with a focus on its ability to create metabolites exhibiting chemopreventive activity. This work represents portion of an ongoing project to discover anticancer compounds from mangrove resources, and our screening of the various isolated strains led to the finding of sp. MUM256 which possesses the potential to produce active metabolites that induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the earlier study [30], Afatinib dimaleate we shown the methanol draw out of sp. MUM256 exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The present study is definitely a continuation of this work aiming to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of the ethyl acetate portion of sp. MUM256 crude draw out (MUM256 EA) against the HCT116 cell collection. We demonstrated the MUM256 EA induced cell-cycle arrest by downregulating several important cell-cycle regulatory proteins and induced apoptosis via AKT2 relationships with the intrinsic pathway in colon cancer cells (Number 1). Thus, we believe these results provide fresh insight into the development of mangrove-derived metabolites against CRC. Open in a separate windows Number 1 The summarized circulation chart of this study. The number illustrates the fermentation, crude extract extraction, fractionation and elucidated mechanisms of MUM256 EA in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. 2. Results 2.1. Phylogenetic Analysis of Streptomyces sp. MUM256 Given that the publicly available database for 16S rRNA gene sequence, such as Ezbiocloud, is definitely regularly updated by adding fresh bacteria varieties with validly published titles, a new phylogenetic tree was constructed for strain MUM256 based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank accession quantity “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”KT459477″,”term_id”:”983210126″,”term_text”:”KT459477″KT459477) (Number 2). Based on the blast result of the Ezbiocloud database, the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MUM256 shown highest similarity to NBRC13475T (99.70%), NRRL B-5418T (99.70%), DSM40455T (99.70%), ISP5183T (99.70%) followed by VK-A60T (99.48%). Relating to Figure 2, the 16S rRNA sequence of strain MUM256 formed a distinct clade with strains VK-A60T, NBRC13475T, NRRL B-5418T, DSM40455T and ISP5183T at bootstrap value of 82%, showing relatively high confidence level of the association (Number 2). Open in a separate window Number 2 Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MUM256 (1343bp). The tree illustrates the relationship between strain MUM256 and closely related strains. Figures at nodes indicate percentages of 1000 bootstrap re-samplings. Pub, 0.001 substitutions per site. 2.2. To Examine the Cytotoxic Effect of Streptomyces sp. MUM256 Fractions against Colon Cancer Cell HCT116 Three different fractions were from the methanolic MUM256 draw out after being subjected to sequential fractionation with three types of solvents, namely hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Number Afatinib dimaleate 3a demonstrates the cell viability of HCT116 after exposure to MUM256 draw out and the respective fractions for 72 h. The ethyl acetate portion of MUM256 extract was shown to exhibit the highest cytotoxicity towards HCT116 among the fractions tested, followed by the hexane portion and the aqueous portion as the least harmful against HCT116 cells. The toxicity of MUM256 EA was also evaluated on a normal colon cell collection CCD-18Co. The MUM256 EA exhibits significantly smaller toxicity towards a normal colon cell (CCD-18Co) at all the concentrations tested with this study (Number 3b). The IC50 of MUM256 EA towards CCD-18Co was measured at 215 g/mL which is definitely 1.72 higher than its cytotoxicity towards colon cancer cell (HCT116) with IC50 of 88.44 g/mL. This result demonstrates the MUM256 EA displays a slight preferential cytotoxicity against HCT116 colon cancer cells over a CCD-18Co normal colon cell. Open in a separate window Number 3 Cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of MUM256 EA against HCT116 cells. (a) Cytotoxic effect of MUM256 crude draw out (MeOH: methanol) and 3 different fractions (H2O: water; Hex: hexane; EtOAc: ethyl acetate) against HCT116 cells at.